0 Patient Assessment
- 0.1 Patient demand
- 0.2 Overarching considerations
- 0.3 Local history
- 0.4 Anatomical location
- 0.5 General patient history
- 0.6 Risk assessment & special high risk categories
  - 5.1 Risk assessment & special high risk categories
  - 5.2 age
  - 5.3 Compliance
  - 5.4 Smoking
  - 5.5 Drug abuse
  - 5.6 Recreational drugs and alcohol abuse
  - 5.7 Parafunctions
  - 5.8 Diabetes
  - 5.9 Osteoporosis
  - 5.10 Coagulation disorders and anticoagulant therapy
  - 5.11 Steroids
  - 5.12 Bisphosphonates
  - 5.13 BRONJ / ARONJ
  - 5.14 Radiotherapy
  - 5.15 Risk factors
1 Diagnostics
- 1.1 Clinical Assessment
  - 0.1 Lip line
  - 0.2 Mouth opening
  - 0.3 Vertical dimension
  - 0.4 Maxillo-mandibular relationship
  - 0.5 TMD
  - 0.6 Existing prosthesis
  - 0.7 Muco-gingival junction
  - 0.8 Hyposalivation and Xerostomia
- 1.2 Clinical findings
  - 1.1 Occlusion
  - 1.2 Alveolar atrophy and insufficiency
  - 1.3 Skeletal consequences of edentulism
  - 1.4 Head-neck cancer
- 1.3 Clinical diagnostic assessments
  - 2.1 Microbiology
  - 2.2 Salivary output
- 1.4 Diagnostic imaging
  - 3.1 Imaging overview
  - 3.2 Intraoral radiographs
  - 3.3 Panoramic
  - 3.4 CBCT
  - 3.5 CT
- 1.5 Diagnostic prosthodontic guides
  - 4.1 Prosthodontic guides overview
  - 4.2 Wax-up, arrangement, mock-up
  - 4.3 Splints and imaging for surgery
  - 4.4 Provisionals
2 Treatment Options
- 2.1 Mucosally-supported
  - 0.1 Mucosally supported - Overview and important considerations
  - 0.2 Complete denture
  - 0.3 Immediate denture
  - 0.4 Occlusal schemes
- 2.2 Implant-retained/supported, general
  - 1.1 Prosthodontic options overview
  - 1.2 Number of implants maxilla and mandible
  - 1.3 Time to function
  - 1.4 Submerged or non-submerged
  - 1.5 Soft tissue management
  - 1.6 Hard tissue management, mandible
  - 1.7 Hard tissue management, maxilla
  - 1.8 Need for grafting
  - 1.9 Healed vs fresh extraction socket
  - 1.10 Digital treatment planning protocols
    
    9.1 Digital treatment planning protocols, introduction
    
    9.2 Digital treatment planning protocols, NobelClinician
- 2.3 Implant prosthetics - removable
  - 2.1 Implant overdenture, overview
    
    0.1 Implant overdenture, introduction
    
    0.2 Overdenture retention devices, overview
  - 2.2 Secondary splinting
  - 2.3 Primary splinting
- 2.4 Implant prosthetics - fixed
  - 3.1 Fixed implant prosthesis, introduction
  - 3.2 Screw-retained restorations
    
    1.1 Screw-retained
    
    1.2 Implant-supported vs abutment-supported
  - 3.3 Cement-retained restorations
    
    2.1 Cement-retained
    
    2.2 Abutment materials
  - 3.4 Framework materials
    
    3.1 Framework materials
    
    3.2 Veneering with ceramic
    
    3.3 Veneering with Acrylic
- 2.5 Comprehensive treatment concepts
3 Treatment Procedures
- 3.1 Surgical
  - 0.1 Surgical considerations
    
    0.1 Anesthesia
    
    0.2 Peri-operative care
    
    0.3 Post-operative care
    
    0.4 Flap-or flapless
    
    0.5 Wound closure
    
    0.6 Intra-operative complications
    
    0.7 Guided vs non-guided
    
    0.8 Semi-guided surgery with prosthetic template
    
    0.9 Guided surgery with drill guides
  - 0.2 Surgical protocols - general
    
    1.1 Crestal incision
    
    1.2 Choice of implant
    
    1.3 Parallel implant placement
    
    1.4 Tapered implant placement
    
    1.5 Insertion torque
    
    1.6 Insertion height
    
    1.7 Implant angulation
  - 0.3 Surgical protocols - mandible
    
    2.1 Implant placement with open flap procedure - mandible
    
    2.2 Grafting, mandible
  - 0.4 Surgical protocols - maxilla
    
    3.1 Implant placement - maxilla
    
    3.2 Grafting, maxilla
    
    3.3 Sinus lifting
    
    3.4 Zygomatic implants
    
    3.5 Pterygoid implants
    
    3.6 Problems and complications in maxillary implant surgery
- 3.2 Removable prosthetics
  - 1.1 Complete dentures
    
    0.1 Complete denture clinical protocol
    
    0.2 Complete denture impressions
    
    0.3 Complete denture - maxillo-mandibular relations
    
    0.4 Complete denture trial placement
    
    0.5 Complete denture placement
    
    0.6 Complete denture post-placement
  - 1.2 Implant overdentures
    
    1.1 Overdenture clinical protocol
    
    1.2 Implant overdenture impressions
    
    1.3 Implant overdenture maxillo-mandibular relations
    
    1.4 Implant overdenture trial placement
    
    1.5 Implant overdenture placement
    
    1.6 Implant overdenture post-placement
- 3.3 Fixed prosthetics
  - 2.1 Fixed implant prosthesis clinical protocol
  - 2.2 Impressions
    
    1.1 Impressions - overview
    
    1.2 Splinted vs unsplinted impression copings
    
    1.3 Open versus closed tray
    
    1.4 Parallel vs non-parallel
  - 2.3 Maxillo-mandibular relations
  - 2.4 Trial placement
  - 2.5 Framework trial placement
  - 2.6 Placement
  - 2.7 Post-placement
4 Aftercare
- 4.1 Surgical aftercare
  - 0.1 Medication
  - 0.2 Post-operative soft tissue management
  - 0.3 Suture removal
  - 0.4 Post-surgical recommendations
- 4.2 Prosthetic aftercare
  - 1.1 Esthetic and function check
  - 1.2 Provisionals / temporary prosthesis
  - 1.3 Oral hygiene instructions
  - 1.4 Occlusal guard
- 4.3 Post-treatment complications and management
  - 2.1 Bleeding
  - 2.2 Soft tissue and hard tissue
  - 2.3 Patient compliance / recall
  - 2.4 Biologic complications
  - 2.5 Esthetic complications
- 4.4 Recall visits and logistics
  - 3.1 Recall visits - overview
  - 3.2 Patient expectations
  - 3.3 General health check
  - 3.4 Professional oral hygiene
  - 3.5 Implant overdenture maintenance
  - 3.6 Occlusion check
  - 3.7 Probing
  - 3.8 Inflammation, infection
    
    7.1 Inflammation and infection - overview
    
    7.2 Infection, microbiological diagnostics
  - 3.9 Radiological control

治疗指南

使用钻针引导器的引导手术

Key points

相比徒手手术可提供很多临床优势
可以更准确地实现计划
匹配设计/预制牙科修复体
可适用无翻瓣手术
对已用计划系统的临床报告显示，应该考虑种植体实现位置与计划位置之间的最大偏差，而不是平均偏差

钻针引导器的优势

使用基于由计划软件转换的 CT 扫描图像而制作的钻针引导器进行手术，可带来多种临床优势：

更准确地执行手术计划
最终实现无翻瓣种植体植入
避开骨内解剖结构
通过优化可用颌骨的利用，避免骨增量程序
使用预制（临时）修复体可实现立即植入

注意事项

转移的精确度对技术要求很高，因为在手术期间，将钻针引导器正确放入骨内是关键所在。出现任何偏差，都会反映在所有植入的种植体上。对已用计划系统的临床报告显示，应该考虑种植体实现位置与计划位置之间的最大偏差，而不是平均偏差
外科医生仍负有责任，最终必须选择不遵循计划
张口度不足会妨碍钻针的插入。使用镊子插入钻针/种植体，然后将其与反角相连，有助于
一些计划软件可用于制作放置在骨（开放翻瓣）或粘膜（无翻瓣手术）上的钻针引导器

临床分类

治疗指南

引导与非引导

准确的种植体计划是实现最佳修复结果的第一步。完美贴合、设计精巧的义齿可直接用于计划和术前分析，否则应考虑新的排牙和模型。在评估时，应包括两个包含的咬合垂直距离、牙齿位置和牙轴、覆盖和深覆，以及唇线和微笑线等美齿参数。种植体手术应始终基于模板辅助，在诸如全口无牙等复杂情况下，还应采用模板引导。

如果要植入颌孔间种植体，可以采用试验排牙/义齿本身或一块夹板来标记相对于计划义齿的种植体位置。初步侧位片可以提供一些关于下颌形状的信息。这同样适用于要植入上颌窦间的种植体。

除计算机辅

治疗指南

使用修复模板的半引导手术

这些模板依据 CBCT 分析结果位于计划牙齿的适当位置和牙轴处。它们使引导先锋钻能够标记种植体位置和轴向。然后提起翻瓣，剩余手术不需完全引导即可实施。
现有义齿也可使用，只需在牙齿咬合面/舌面上的适当位置钻取贯穿义齿的孔。

治疗指南

翻瓣或无翻瓣

无翻瓣种植手术是一种微创手术，既可以采用引导手术，也可以用患者初次就诊时提取的模型来制作定制手术导板。根据一些临床论文的报告，使用无翻瓣或微创方法植入的种植体可实现优秀的短期和长期成活率。

在适当条件下，无翻瓣种植体植入是一种对患者有益的手术。出血量和术后不适感极低，种植体成活率十分优秀（2 年 98.7%）。如果可行，这些手术可以为患者和医生提供另一种治疗方法。手术导板根据患者初次就诊时制作的模型而制造。在手术前，患者通常会接受预防性抗生素疗法。在选择抗生素时，通常基于患者的身体病史，同时考虑潜在的过敏反应。患者可以口服镇静剂

Additional resources

视频

亚历山德罗•波齐：现代三维治疗计划——从虚拟到现实

患者要求的不仅是功能性修复，还有美学修复、外貌、微笑和自尊的改善。为了支持这一目标，现代的数字化规划系统与导引式手术以及适当的和全面的诊断和治疗规划工具相结合。波齐博士审视并并解释了如何将各种参数——如骨量，软组织结构，面部分析，理想的植入位置，假体修复和外形轮廓设计等方面——合并，并整合在一个虚拟的治疗规划模板中。规划的结果可以被传送到实验室，在那儿可以制造理想的临时性和手术模板，这将能够从切口设计到截骨术和植植体植入等方面指导手术。

问题

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问题反馈

使用钻针引导器的引导手术

钻针引导器的优势

注意事项

临床分类

Related articles

治疗指南

引导与非引导

治疗指南

使用修复模板的半引导手术

治疗指南

翻瓣或无翻瓣

Additional resources

视频

亚历山德罗•波齐：现代三维治疗计划——从虚拟到现实

Scientific References

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