0 Patient Assessment
- 0.1 Patient demand
- 0.2 Overarching considerations
- 0.3 Local history
- 0.4 Anatomical location
- 0.5 General patient history
- 0.6 Risk assessment & special high risk categories
  - 5.1 Risk assessment & special high risk categories
  - 5.2 age
  - 5.3 Compliance
  - 5.4 Smoking
  - 5.5 Drug abuse
  - 5.6 Recreational drugs and alcohol abuse
  - 5.7 Parafunctions
  - 5.8 Diabetes
  - 5.9 Osteoporosis
  - 5.10 Coagulation disorders and anticoagulant therapy
  - 5.11 Steroids
  - 5.12 Bisphosphonates
  - 5.13 BRONJ / ARONJ
  - 5.14 Radiotherapy
  - 5.15 Risk factors
1 Diagnostics
- 1.1 Clinical Assessment
  - 0.1 Lip line
  - 0.2 Mouth opening
  - 0.3 Vertical dimension
  - 0.4 Maxillo-mandibular relationship
  - 0.5 TMD
  - 0.6 Existing prosthesis
  - 0.7 Muco-gingival junction
  - 0.8 Hyposalivation and Xerostomia
- 1.2 Clinical findings
  - 1.1 Occlusion
  - 1.2 Alveolar atrophy and insufficiency
  - 1.3 Skeletal consequences of edentulism
  - 1.4 Head-neck cancer
- 1.3 Clinical diagnostic assessments
  - 2.1 Microbiology
  - 2.2 Salivary output
- 1.4 Diagnostic imaging
  - 3.1 Imaging overview
  - 3.2 Intraoral radiographs
  - 3.3 Panoramic
  - 3.4 CBCT
  - 3.5 CT
- 1.5 Diagnostic prosthodontic guides
  - 4.1 Prosthodontic guides overview
  - 4.2 Wax-up, arrangement, mock-up
  - 4.3 Splints and imaging for surgery
  - 4.4 Provisionals
2 Treatment Options
- 2.1 Mucosally-supported
  - 0.1 Mucosally supported - Overview and important considerations
  - 0.2 Complete denture
  - 0.3 Immediate denture
  - 0.4 Occlusal schemes
- 2.2 Implant-retained/supported, general
  - 1.1 Prosthodontic options overview
  - 1.2 Number of implants maxilla and mandible
  - 1.3 Time to function
  - 1.4 Submerged or non-submerged
  - 1.5 Soft tissue management
  - 1.6 Hard tissue management, mandible
  - 1.7 Hard tissue management, maxilla
  - 1.8 Need for grafting
  - 1.9 Healed vs fresh extraction socket
  - 1.10 Digital treatment planning protocols
    
    9.1 Digital treatment planning protocols, introduction
    
    9.2 Digital treatment planning protocols, NobelClinician
- 2.3 Implant prosthetics - removable
  - 2.1 Implant overdenture, overview
    
    0.1 Implant overdenture, introduction
    
    0.2 Overdenture retention devices, overview
  - 2.2 Secondary splinting
  - 2.3 Primary splinting
- 2.4 Implant prosthetics - fixed
  - 3.1 Fixed implant prosthesis, introduction
  - 3.2 Screw-retained restorations
    
    1.1 Screw-retained
    
    1.2 Implant-supported vs abutment-supported
  - 3.3 Cement-retained restorations
    
    2.1 Cement-retained
    
    2.2 Abutment materials
  - 3.4 Framework materials
    
    3.1 Framework materials
    
    3.2 Veneering with ceramic
    
    3.3 Veneering with Acrylic
- 2.5 Comprehensive treatment concepts
3 Treatment Procedures
- 3.1 Surgical
  - 0.1 Surgical considerations
    
    0.1 Anesthesia
    
    0.2 Peri-operative care
    
    0.3 Post-operative care
    
    0.4 Flap-or flapless
    
    0.5 Wound closure
    
    0.6 Intra-operative complications
    
    0.7 Guided vs non-guided
    
    0.8 Semi-guided surgery with prosthetic template
    
    0.9 Guided surgery with drill guides
  - 0.2 Surgical protocols - general
    
    1.1 Crestal incision
    
    1.2 Choice of implant
    
    1.3 Parallel implant placement
    
    1.4 Tapered implant placement
    
    1.5 Insertion torque
    
    1.6 Insertion height
    
    1.7 Implant angulation
  - 0.3 Surgical protocols - mandible
    
    2.1 Implant placement with open flap procedure - mandible
    
    2.2 Grafting, mandible
  - 0.4 Surgical protocols - maxilla
    
    3.1 Implant placement - maxilla
    
    3.2 Grafting, maxilla
    
    3.3 Sinus lifting
    
    3.4 Zygomatic implants
    
    3.5 Pterygoid implants
    
    3.6 Problems and complications in maxillary implant surgery
- 3.2 Removable prosthetics
  - 1.1 Complete dentures
    
    0.1 Complete denture clinical protocol
    
    0.2 Complete denture impressions
    
    0.3 Complete denture - maxillo-mandibular relations
    
    0.4 Complete denture trial placement
    
    0.5 Complete denture placement
    
    0.6 Complete denture post-placement
  - 1.2 Implant overdentures
    
    1.1 Overdenture clinical protocol
    
    1.2 Implant overdenture impressions
    
    1.3 Implant overdenture maxillo-mandibular relations
    
    1.4 Implant overdenture trial placement
    
    1.5 Implant overdenture placement
    
    1.6 Implant overdenture post-placement
- 3.3 Fixed prosthetics
  - 2.1 Fixed implant prosthesis clinical protocol
  - 2.2 Impressions
    
    1.1 Impressions - overview
    
    1.2 Splinted vs unsplinted impression copings
    
    1.3 Open versus closed tray
    
    1.4 Parallel vs non-parallel
  - 2.3 Maxillo-mandibular relations
  - 2.4 Trial placement
  - 2.5 Framework trial placement
  - 2.6 Placement
  - 2.7 Post-placement
4 Aftercare
- 4.1 Surgical aftercare
  - 0.1 Medication
  - 0.2 Post-operative soft tissue management
  - 0.3 Suture removal
  - 0.4 Post-surgical recommendations
- 4.2 Prosthetic aftercare
  - 1.1 Esthetic and function check
  - 1.2 Provisionals / temporary prosthesis
  - 1.3 Oral hygiene instructions
  - 1.4 Occlusal guard
- 4.3 Post-treatment complications and management
  - 2.1 Bleeding
  - 2.2 Soft tissue and hard tissue
  - 2.3 Patient compliance / recall
  - 2.4 Biologic complications
  - 2.5 Esthetic complications
- 4.4 Recall visits and logistics
  - 3.1 Recall visits - overview
  - 3.2 Patient expectations
  - 3.3 General health check
  - 3.4 Professional oral hygiene
  - 3.5 Implant overdenture maintenance
  - 3.6 Occlusion check
  - 3.7 Probing
  - 3.8 Inflammation, infection
    
    7.1 Inflammation and infection - overview
    
    7.2 Infection, microbiological diagnostics
  - 3.9 Radiological control

治疗指南

成像工具概述

Key points

从法律和道德角度而言，需要权衡成像及辐射接触的风险和益处
最好转诊患者，而不是执行提供不完整成像信息的程序
对许多种植体手术而言，3D 成像提供了宝贵的信息，有助于进行诊断和治疗方案设计

主要的成像工具

由于任何形式的辐射都可能带来风险，因此首先应进行患者病史和临床检查，以确保进行适当类型的成像，并避免无益的成像。

在其他章节中更详细讨论的四种主要类型的常用成像工具如下：

口腔内 X 光片
全景 X 光片
螺旋 CT
锥形束 CT (CBCT)

放射 μSv（微西弗）剂量：

口腔内 X 光片

1

全景 X 光片 4-30

4-30

侧位片

7-10

螺旋 CT 上颌 100-3300

100-3300

螺旋 CT 下颌

400-1200

螺旋 CT 头颅

2000

CBCT 大视野 70-1000

70-1000

CBCT 小视野

50-650

胸部 X 光片

50

天然年均辐射量（存在地区差异！）

~ 2500

临床分类

Related articles

治疗指南

数字化治疗方案设计简介

患者颌骨和扫描模板的螺旋或锥形光束 CT (CBCT) 数据集由特定软件进行转码以生成颌骨和粘膜厚度的三维 (3D) 图像。可以在完整的 3D 数据集内进行软件设计，或者在 2D 数据集内进行设计，然后重新计算以生成 3D 图像。在完整 3D 模式下进行设计可以在虚拟现实中选择任何视角，避免重新计算数据集，由于与实际情况相似，因此可以更直观地呈现设计。

图像会显示可用骨的高度、宽度和小梁/皮质结构，以实现最佳种植体植入。粘膜厚度、上颌窦位置、下颌管、颏孔和门齿管

治疗指南

数字化治疗方案设计 - NobelClinician

NobelClinician™ 软件解决方案是一种适用于诊断、治疗方案设计和患者沟通的数字化工具。软件中集成了患者扫描以便识别、映射和诊断解剖结构。在末端齿系情况下，可以虚拟地拔除剩余的牙齿并在设计中整合拔牙部位。根据这一评估，同时考虑到手术和修复要求，可以以数字化方式设计最佳种植体位置。该数据可用于制作引导手术模板。

NobelClinician™ 沟通工具可帮助向患者介绍、说明和讨论设计的治疗方案并帮助提高患者对治疗的了解和接受度。

在设计阶段，可以使用 NobelClini

Additional resources

视频

安德鲁•达乌德：成像对治疗计划的影响（第1部分）

本次讲座深入了解了先进的成像技术为种植牙科和综合牙科带来的巨大变化。在达乌德博士举出的案例中，3D可视化能够揭示惊人的诊断发现，这对治疗决策、规划和执行——例如牙齿骨折线，骨折根部的血管，骨管，更多的血管和神经根管——具有强大的影响力。 3D规划越来越普遍，同时也探讨了最大限度减少辐射剂量的方式。数字化诊断和规划信息可以转化为与导引式手术的治疗情况，精度取决于影像学和手术导引板的稳定性和配合。（两个视频）

视频

安德鲁•达乌德：成像对治疗计划的影响（第2部分）

本次讲座深入了解了先进的成像技术为种植牙科和综合牙科带来的巨大变化。在达乌德博士举出的案例中，3D可视化能够揭示惊人的诊断发现，这对治疗决策、规划和执行——例如牙齿骨折线，骨折根部的血管，骨管，更多的血管和神经根管——具有强大的影响力。 3D规划越来越普遍，同时也探讨了最大限度减少辐射剂量的方式。数字化诊断和规划信息可以转化为与导引式手术的治疗情况，精度取决于影像学和手术导引板的稳定性和配合。（两个视频）

Additional external resources

Basic principles of cone beam use

European Commission radiation protection guidelines CBCT for dental and maxillofacial radiology

Sedentexct 2011 evidence based radiation protection guidelines CBCT for dental and maxillofacial radiology

EAO consensus 2011 guidelines for the use of diagnostic imaging in implant dentistry

2010 Guidelines of the Academy of Osseointegration for the Provision of Dental Implants and Associated Patient Care

问题

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