0 Patient Assessment
- 0.1 Patient demand
- 0.2 Overarching considerations
- 0.3 Local history
- 0.4 Anatomical location
- 0.5 General patient history
- 0.6 Risk assessment & special high risk categories
  - 5.1 Risk assessment & special high risk categories
  - 5.2 age
  - 5.3 Compliance
  - 5.4 Smoking
  - 5.5 Drug abuse
  - 5.6 Recreational drugs and alcohol abuse
  - 5.7 Parafunctions
  - 5.8 Diabetes
  - 5.9 Osteoporosis
  - 5.10 Coagulation disorders and anticoagulant therapy
  - 5.11 Steroids
  - 5.12 Bisphosphonates
  - 5.13 BRONJ / ARONJ
  - 5.14 Radiotherapy
  - 5.15 Risk factors
1 Diagnostics
- 1.1 Clinical Assessment
  - 0.1 Lip line
  - 0.2 Mouth opening
  - 0.3 Vertical dimension
  - 0.4 Maxillo-mandibular relationship
  - 0.5 TMD
  - 0.6 Existing prosthesis
  - 0.7 Muco-gingival junction
  - 0.8 Hyposalivation and Xerostomia
- 1.2 Clinical findings
  - 1.1 Occlusion
  - 1.2 Alveolar atrophy and insufficiency
  - 1.3 Skeletal consequences of edentulism
  - 1.4 Head-neck cancer
- 1.3 Clinical diagnostic assessments
  - 2.1 Microbiology
  - 2.2 Salivary output
- 1.4 Diagnostic imaging
  - 3.1 Imaging overview
  - 3.2 Intraoral radiographs
  - 3.3 Panoramic
  - 3.4 CBCT
  - 3.5 CT
- 1.5 Diagnostic prosthodontic guides
  - 4.1 Prosthodontic guides overview
  - 4.2 Wax-up, arrangement, mock-up
  - 4.3 Splints and imaging for surgery
  - 4.4 Provisionals
2 Treatment Options
- 2.1 Mucosally-supported
  - 0.1 Mucosally supported - Overview and important considerations
  - 0.2 Complete denture
  - 0.3 Immediate denture
  - 0.4 Occlusal schemes
- 2.2 Implant-retained/supported, general
  - 1.1 Prosthodontic options overview
  - 1.2 Number of implants maxilla and mandible
  - 1.3 Time to function
  - 1.4 Submerged or non-submerged
  - 1.5 Soft tissue management
  - 1.6 Hard tissue management, mandible
  - 1.7 Hard tissue management, maxilla
  - 1.8 Need for grafting
  - 1.9 Healed vs fresh extraction socket
  - 1.10 Digital treatment planning protocols
    
    9.1 Digital treatment planning protocols, introduction
    
    9.2 Digital treatment planning protocols, NobelClinician
- 2.3 Implant prosthetics - removable
  - 2.1 Implant overdenture, overview
    
    0.1 Implant overdenture, introduction
    
    0.2 Overdenture retention devices, overview
  - 2.2 Secondary splinting
  - 2.3 Primary splinting
- 2.4 Implant prosthetics - fixed
  - 3.1 Fixed implant prosthesis, introduction
  - 3.2 Screw-retained restorations
    
    1.1 Screw-retained
    
    1.2 Implant-supported vs abutment-supported
  - 3.3 Cement-retained restorations
    
    2.1 Cement-retained
    
    2.2 Abutment materials
  - 3.4 Framework materials
    
    3.1 Framework materials
    
    3.2 Veneering with ceramic
    
    3.3 Veneering with Acrylic
- 2.5 Comprehensive treatment concepts
3 Treatment Procedures
- 3.1 Surgical
  - 0.1 Surgical considerations
    
    0.1 Anesthesia
    
    0.2 Peri-operative care
    
    0.3 Post-operative care
    
    0.4 Flap-or flapless
    
    0.5 Wound closure
    
    0.6 Intra-operative complications
    
    0.7 Guided vs non-guided
    
    0.8 Semi-guided surgery with prosthetic template
    
    0.9 Guided surgery with drill guides
  - 0.2 Surgical protocols - general
    
    1.1 Crestal incision
    
    1.2 Choice of implant
    
    1.3 Parallel implant placement
    
    1.4 Tapered implant placement
    
    1.5 Insertion torque
    
    1.6 Insertion height
    
    1.7 Implant angulation
  - 0.3 Surgical protocols - mandible
    
    2.1 Implant placement with open flap procedure - mandible
    
    2.2 Grafting, mandible
  - 0.4 Surgical protocols - maxilla
    
    3.1 Implant placement - maxilla
    
    3.2 Grafting, maxilla
    
    3.3 Sinus lifting
    
    3.4 Zygomatic implants
    
    3.5 Pterygoid implants
    
    3.6 Problems and complications in maxillary implant surgery
- 3.2 Removable prosthetics
  - 1.1 Complete dentures
    
    0.1 Complete denture clinical protocol
    
    0.2 Complete denture impressions
    
    0.3 Complete denture - maxillo-mandibular relations
    
    0.4 Complete denture trial placement
    
    0.5 Complete denture placement
    
    0.6 Complete denture post-placement
  - 1.2 Implant overdentures
    
    1.1 Overdenture clinical protocol
    
    1.2 Implant overdenture impressions
    
    1.3 Implant overdenture maxillo-mandibular relations
    
    1.4 Implant overdenture trial placement
    
    1.5 Implant overdenture placement
    
    1.6 Implant overdenture post-placement
- 3.3 Fixed prosthetics
  - 2.1 Fixed implant prosthesis clinical protocol
  - 2.2 Impressions
    
    1.1 Impressions - overview
    
    1.2 Splinted vs unsplinted impression copings
    
    1.3 Open versus closed tray
    
    1.4 Parallel vs non-parallel
  - 2.3 Maxillo-mandibular relations
  - 2.4 Trial placement
  - 2.5 Framework trial placement
  - 2.6 Placement
  - 2.7 Post-placement
4 Aftercare
- 4.1 Surgical aftercare
  - 0.1 Medication
  - 0.2 Post-operative soft tissue management
  - 0.3 Suture removal
  - 0.4 Post-surgical recommendations
- 4.2 Prosthetic aftercare
  - 1.1 Esthetic and function check
  - 1.2 Provisionals / temporary prosthesis
  - 1.3 Oral hygiene instructions
  - 1.4 Occlusal guard
- 4.3 Post-treatment complications and management
  - 2.1 Bleeding
  - 2.2 Soft tissue and hard tissue
  - 2.3 Patient compliance / recall
  - 2.4 Biologic complications
  - 2.5 Esthetic complications
- 4.4 Recall visits and logistics
  - 3.1 Recall visits - overview
  - 3.2 Patient expectations
  - 3.3 General health check
  - 3.4 Professional oral hygiene
  - 3.5 Implant overdenture maintenance
  - 3.6 Occlusion check
  - 3.7 Probing
  - 3.8 Inflammation, infection
    
    7.1 Inflammation and infection - overview
    
    7.2 Infection, microbiological diagnostics
  - 3.9 Radiological control

治疗指南

感染 - 微生物诊断

Key points

边缘骨缺失可导致形成深腔。双重感染可导致种植体周围炎
存在种植体周围炎证据时，进行微生物敏感性试验可能具有临床意义

微生物群参数

有无种植体/种植体的数量会影响缺齿患者唾液中及舌头上的需氧菌和厌氧菌种类。

种植体周围炎患者的龈下微生物群在不同的研究中有不同的报道。牙周致病菌较部分牙缺失患者少。Prevotella nigrescens、Fusobacterium nucleatum、P. gingivalis、T. forsythia、Treponema denticola 或 Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans 与种植体周围炎相关。微生物群落不同于牙周炎，消化链球菌或葡萄球菌数量较多。通常是肠道杆菌、葡萄球菌和酵母菌。

抗生素的用药选择

作为机械/手术治疗的辅助手段，全身使用抗生素对种植体周围炎的有益疗效仍未经证实。粘膜下微生物群的组成是否为治疗效果的决定性因素仍未得到证实。通过检测耐药性菌种，微生物检测有助于选择合适的抗生素。

微生物检测

适用于门诊人群的检测：

- 相差显微
- 培养
- 乳胶凝集试验
- 棋盘式 DNA-DNA 杂交法
- 聚合酶链反应

相差显微：

简单而快速的诊疗检测，可提供球菌/杆菌/丝状菌及运动型微生物的比例。运动型微生物的比例增加与牙周炎加重相关；对于种植体周围炎，这种关系尚未确立。

培养

培养是一种技术要求高而耗时的方法。用于确定对抗生素的敏感性。将纸尖插入种植体周袋并装入小瓶送到实验室。

乳胶凝集试验

包括涂有特异性抗体的微珠。与样品中的目标抗原接触时，微珠会结团。简单快速。

棋盘式 DNA-DNA 杂交法

适合复杂生态系统的最佳检测方法。可鉴定多个样品中的大量菌种。允许检测 ≥104 个细菌。

聚合酶链反应

需要通过引物对 DNA 序列进行扩增。如果发生扩增，则证明存在目标菌种。可检测 ≥ 10 个细菌。生物膜可能含有抑制反应的酶。

临床分类

治疗指南

炎症和感染

炎症可能限于种植体周围软组织（粘膜炎），也可能涉及下面的骨组织（种植体周围炎）。感染可由各种风险因素引起，如卫生状况不佳及患者依从性较差、修复体的设计不便于进行清洁、侵袭性的口咽部菌群、种植体超负重、缺少固定角质化组织、龈下粘接剂残留。

应安排定期卫生回访以检查是否有任何炎症迹象。这些迹象可能比较细微，包括轻微肿胀、发红加剧以及离散性的探诊出血 (BOP)。也可能较为明显，包括疼痛、明显肿胀和剧烈 BOP、探诊深度 > 5mm、渗液甚至分泌脓液、清晰可见的边缘骨缺失。在极端情况下，还可能发生种植体移动。

治疗指南

药物治疗

根据外科干涉的类型和手术大小，患者可能需要或者想要得到防止疼痛和肿胀的适当药物，例如扑热息痛、阿司匹林 (ASA) 或非甾体抗炎药组 (NSAID)。

副作用：如果使用阿司匹林或者香豆素类凝血剂来防止凝血，最好使用扑热息痛之类的止痛药来缓解疼痛，因为阿司匹林和香豆素与布洛芬之间有冲突。（请参阅凝血紊乱和抗凝治疗上的文章）

应在局部麻醉消退之前开始使用止痛药。

最迟在手术后第二天会出现疼痛缓解；如果没有缓解，患者必须前去就医以寻求控制。

术后护理

治疗指南

口腔卫生指导

所有的组织表面、修复体表面和种植体表面均应是口腔卫生辅助用具（如牙刷、牙缝刷和牙线或洁牙带）能够触及的。在治疗方案设计过程中，在设计种植体位置和修复体时考虑到最终口腔卫生结果至关重要。为此，所有口腔内修复体表面均应光滑，具有极佳的光洁度，以预防牙菌斑滞留。

患者每次就诊时均应接受口腔卫生指导，且可能需要回顾相关指导。这对于固定修复体尤其重要。应继续进行口腔卫生指导，直到患者能够使用适当的口腔卫生辅助用具独立清洁所有相关口腔内部位。尽管大多数患者都可以使用普通牙

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感染 - 微生物诊断

临床分类

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治疗指南

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