the patient might need or appreciate adequate medication against pain and swelling, for example Paracetamol, Acetylsalicylicacid (ASA), or of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug...

Presence/number of implants influences aerobe and anaerobe species in saliva and on tongue in edentulism. Subgingival microbiota in periimplantitis vary according to studies. Less periodontal pathogens than in partial edentulism. Prevotella nigrescens,...

Patient compliance is a critical factor in promoting the long-term success of oral rehabilitation. The issue of patient compliance should be enthusiastically engaged by the clinician/dental practitioner. The practitioner may see a non-compliant...

All tissue surfaces, prosthesis surfaces and implant surfaces should be accessible by oral hygiene aids like toothbrushes, interdental brushes and dental floss or dental tape. It is paramount that, during treatment planning...

Implant design and implant surface structures have evolved over time and today various versions are available. Dr Wennerberg reviews the evolution of implant surface structures from the orignal Branemark machined Titanium designs to recent nanostructured surfaces, and discusses...

To achieve good long term results, regular recall control appointments should be scheduled. Ideally, recall appointments take place at least every 6 months for a systemic review of the general health...

The main objectives of post-operative care include control of the healing of the surgical site and identifying risks which could affect healing and, where pertinent, osseointegration. In addition, post-operative visits provide the opportunity to evaluate the... 

In the atrophic mandible soft tissues become prominent and the inferior alveolar nerve is located more superficially.
Fractures of the atrophic edentulous mandible can occur during implant insertion. Especially in hard bone...

Wound closure ensures and accelerates wound healing by protecting the site and influencing migration of keratinocytes over the granulation tissue. Some wound eversion maximizes epidermal approximation. Square knots, with two ties in one direction and a reverse...

Flapless implant surgery is a minimally invasive procedure that can be performed either using guided surgery or custom fabricated surgical guides made of casts taken at the first patient visit. Several clinical papers reported excellent short- and long...

As described in Patient Assessment, a thorough evaluation of patient factors influencing whether to proceed with surgical therapy is relevant.
Depending on the tpe of surgery prescribe pre-operative medication (for example antibiotic coverage), if...

The human face represents a small proportion of the body’s surface; but it embodies our social identities and is a major vehicle for interpersonal communication. Facial appearance reflects inherited characteristics on which may be...

Tomography represents 2-D images of a slice through an object. Computerized tomography (CT) can produce virtual slices and conventional CTs take slice by slice and the machine stops and moves in between slices. Spiral/helical CTs are continuous scans in a...

Radiation source collimated at its source and then di­verges into a fan shape to reach detectors. This results in a cone beam.
Pixel (picture + element) is the smallest single component of a 2-D image, whereas a voxel is the small­est element...

When obtaining a panoramic film, one must be aware of the importance of following proper technique and carefully positioning the patient's skull between the X-ray generator and the film. Rotation of the film and radiation source often occurs along a...